Crediblity comes from documenting sources using an oral citation format and noting inferences and fallacies
Credibility is one of the three* major areas on which any speech is judged.
Nearly everyone on both sides of the political spectrum and in between decries the use of "fake news."
Every speaker wants to be credible, to be believable. Aristotle, the great Greek philosopher from the 4th century BC, defined Ethos (credibility), Pathos (emotions), and Logos (logic) as the three principles of communication. Often an "ethos statement" is given in the opening of an informational or persuasive speech to gain credibility.
Oral citation uses the opposite order from a written citation, meaning the source is given BEFORE the information.
Dont' say, "quote, unquote" but use a pause after saying "And I quote. . . " or "As (the source) puts it, . . .
Provide enough info about each source so the audience with a little effort could find them. Usually two to three items would be ample, as the date, author, and title or publication.
Don't give or spell out the URL for an online source but say the publisher
As an example on a compromise-themed persuasive speech (shared on video in the evaluation section), the speaker uses personal credibility at the opening to say the following and then uses a website and a book's author in his first example.
Ethos I compromise my life every time I ride shotgun up front. My oldest daughter had a run-in with an 18-wheeler while on her driver’s permit and we both, thankfully, survived. So, I know my sacrifice and advice may just save my youngest daughter, 15-year-old Chloe now on her own learner’s permit. That’s what I tell myself every time I brace myself in the front seat.
Thesis- In today’s driving lesson, we’ll encounter two sets of interactions, each with the hope of learning more on the art of compromise.
Fact vs. Inference
Jones, a buyer with the XYZ company, was scheduled for a 10:00 AM meeting in Smith’s office to discuss the terms of a large order. On the way to that office, the buyer slipped on a freshly waxed floor, and as a result, received a badly bruised leg. By the time Smith was notified of the accident, Jones was on the way to the hospital for X-rays. Smith called the hospital to inquire, and no one there seemed to know anything about Jones. It’s possible that Smith called the wrong hospital.
Without discussion decide how you would classify each of the statements listed below. Answer each by placing a check mark in the appropriate space in the personal choice column. Then, once the teacher says to, have the group decide.
A. Mr. Jones is a buyer.
B. Jones was supposed to meet with Smith.
C. Jones was scheduled for a 10:00 meeting.
D. The accident occurred at the XYZ company.
E. Jones was taken to the Hospital for x-rays.
F. No one at the hospital which Smith called knew anything about Jones.
G. Smith had called the wrong hospital.
Preview– The first is with Daniel Webster, whose first compromise ended up in the Civil War; the second scales some walls of compromise in popular literature. (This second one is not given in text here.)
Point One-
I. Daniel Webster as a senator was caught between a rock and an even harder place.
A. According to “The Compromise of 1850,” an article on the History website in 1991, Webster wished to free the slaves, but he wanted to appease the secessionists more. The inclusion of the Fugitive Slave Act only sparked more outrage in the North where they now had to assist in the capture of runaway slaves under the federal threat of fine or imprisonment. As Northerners passed state laws to nullify federal ones, Southerners only simmered with resentment that their property rights were voided out.
Some compromises for the sake of unity put the real issues on a back burner until they boil over.
B. Webster settled a similar case of compromise successfully with the devil himself. In Stephen Benet’s “The Devil and Daniel Webster,” he took on as a client a down-and-out farmer who’d sold his soul to the devil.
. . . .
The Written Citation uses the APA style at the very end:
Editors, H. (Ed.). (n.d.). Compromise of 1850. Retrieved January 18, 2019, from A&E Television Networks website: https://www.history.com/topics/abolitionist-movement/compromise-of-1850
Benet, S. V. (n.d.). The Devil and Daniel Webster. Retrieved February 6, 2019, from
http://fullreads.com/literature/the-devil-and-daniel-webster/
Read the story on the left carefully, and when you are finished, see how well you can distinguish between a fact and an inference.
Match these terms, these mistakes in reasoning,
with the proper definition on the right:
1-Hasty generalization
2-Over generalization
3-Irreverence
4-Irrelevance
5-False cause effect
6-False analogy
Fallacies
A. Mention something that is somewhat similar but overstate the similarities__
B. Stress that what is true in most cases must be so in all cases. ____
C. Accept links that really are superficial. ____
D. Criticize not so much the issue as the person.___
E. To demand that something happened because it was in a sequence of events. __
F. Take a sample that is unrepresentative of the whole. __
peoples court 1 parrot without ending
First Fallacy Set: Starting with your knowledge and understanding of the fallacies, analyze the sentence or sentences, and find the one very BEST choice of a fallacy being used and put the number in the blank.
1) Your honor, I put Oscar in my will to be passed along as a playmate to my great, great granddaughter. After all, his species of parrot has a life expectancy of 70-100 years._____
2) Your honor, it was like a scene in Championship Wrestling. She put a choke-hold on my poor Oscar. With a towel over his head, he didn’t stand a chance. ____
3) Before he expired, the parrot croaked a few choice words about the groomer. These were bleeped when Oscar’s owner gave them as a quote. ___
4) Judge, toweling was the way I was trained. Both of my grooming instructors did it. It must be a standard and accepted practice. ___
5) How would you go about controlling 200 pounds of pressure form the bird’s beak, Judge, if your suddenly were forced to file the parrot’s claws? ____
6) This bird had a pre-existing chronic disease of the respiratory system. That made the parrot’s eyes roll up into his head and die. _
peoples court 2 pizza without ending
Second Fallacy Set: Start with your knowledge and understanding of the fallacies, analyze the sentence or sentences, and apply the very BEST choice of fallacy used, placing the number in the blank.
1- This is a beautiful pizza. It’s a work of art. He should appreciate it and buy it. ___
2- It’s like a custom-made suit.___
3- My son tells all the customers that we have no thick pizza.__
4- The man said he’d sue. He ran to all the windows. He harassed the customers. He’s insane. ___
5- The cashier got the chicken pox out of fear of facing Judge Wapner.____
6- This is the most stupid person I’ve seen. He’s totally ridiculous to sue for $2.48.___